//video gen and sound //D.5 is sync:1000 ohm + diode to 75 ohm resistor //D.6 is video:330 ohm + diode to 75 ohm resistor //C.0 is sound #include #include #include #include //cycles = 63.625 * 8 Note NTSC is 63.55 //but this line duration makes each frame exactly 1/60 sec //which is nice for keeping a realtime clock #define lineTime 509 #define begin { #define end } #define ScreenTop 30 #define ScreenBot 230 #define T0reload 256-60 #pragma regalloc- //NOTE that v1 to v8 and i must be in registers! register char v1 @4; register char v2 @5; register char v3 @6; register char v4 @7; register char v5 @8; register char v6 @9; register char v7 @10; register char v8 @11; register int i @12; #pragma regalloc+ char syncON, syncOFF; int LineCount; int time; char screen[800], t, ts[10]; char cu1[]="CORNELL"; char cu2[]="ECE476"; //tone related variables //set note to a number to play a tone char note, halfnote, notecount, inote, tnote; //define some musical notes //number of video lines per cycle of audio //starting at c3 to c5 //frequency error is less than 1% //The 3 at the end is a "rest" flash char notes[16]={120,107,95,90,80,71,64,60, 54,48,45,40,36,32,30,3}; //Point plot lookup table flash char pos[8]={0x80,0x40,0x20,0x10,0x08,0x04,0x02,0x01}; //define some character bitmaps //5x7 characters flash char bitmap[38][7]={ //0 0b01110000, 0b10001000, 0b10011000, 0b10101000, 0b11001000, 0b10001000, 0b01110000, //1 0b00100000, 0b01100000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b01110000, //2 0b01110000, 0b10001000, 0b00001000, 0b00010000, 0b00100000, 0b01000000, 0b11111000, //3 0b11111000, 0b00010000, 0b00100000, 0b00010000, 0b00001000, 0b10001000, 0b01110000, //4 0b00010000, 0b00110000, 0b01010000, 0b10010000, 0b11111000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, //5 0b11111000, 0b10000000, 0b11110000, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b10001000, 0b01110000, //6 0b01000000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b11110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b01110000, //7 0b11111000, 0b00001000, 0b00010000, 0b00100000, 0b01000000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, //8 0b01110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b01110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b01110000, //9 0b01110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b01111000, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b00010000, //A 0b01110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b11111000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, //B 0b11110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b11110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b11110000, //C 0b01110000, 0b10001000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b10001000, 0b01110000, //D 0b11110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b11110000, //E 0b11111000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b11111000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b11111000, //F 0b11111000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b11111000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, //G 0b01110000, 0b10001000, 0b10000000, 0b10011000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b01110000, //H 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b11111000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, //I 0b01110000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b01110000, //J 0b00111000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b10010000, 0b01100000, //K 0b10001000, 0b10010000, 0b10100000, 0b11000000, 0b10100000, 0b10010000, 0b10001000, //L 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b11111000, //M 0b10001000, 0b11011000, 0b10101000, 0b10101000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, //N 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b11001000, 0b10101000, 0b10011000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, //O 0b01110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b01110000, //P 0b11110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b11110000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, //Q 0b01110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10101000, 0b10010000, 0b01101000, //R 0b11110000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b11110000, 0b10100000, 0b10010000, 0b10001000, //S 0b01111000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b01110000, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b11110000, //T 0b11111000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, //U 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b01110000, //V 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b01010000, 0b00100000, //W 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10101000, 0b10101000, 0b10101000, 0b01010000, //X 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b01010000, 0b00100000, 0b01010000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, //Y 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b01010000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, //Z 0b11111000, 0b00001000, 0b00010000, 0b00100000, 0b01000000, 0b10000000, 0b11111000, //figure1 0b01110000, 0b00100000, 0b01110000, 0b10101000, 0b00100000, 0b01010000, 0b10001000, //figure2 0b01110000, 0b10101000, 0b01110000, 0b00100000, 0b00100000, 0b01010000, 0b10001000}; //================================ //3x5 font numbers, then letters //packed two per definition for fast //copy to the screen at x-position divisible by 4 flash char smallbitmap[39][5]={ //0 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, //1 0b01000100, 0b11001100, 0b01000100, 0b01000100, 0b11101110, //2 0b11101110, 0b00100010, 0b11101110, 0b10001000, 0b11101110, //3 0b11101110, 0b00100010, 0b11101110, 0b00100010, 0b11101110, //4 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, 0b00100010, 0b00100010, //5 0b11101110, 0b10001000, 0b11101110, 0b00100010, 0b11101110, //6 0b11001100, 0b10001000, 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, //7 0b11101110, 0b00100010, 0b01000100, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, //8 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, //9 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, 0b00100010, 0b01100110, //: 0b00000000, 0b01000100, 0b00000000, 0b01000100, 0b00000000, //= 0b00000000, 0b11101110, 0b00000000, 0b11101110, 0b00000000, //blank 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, //A 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, //B 0b11001100, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b11001100, //C 0b11101110, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b11101110, //D 0b11001100, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b11001100, //E 0b11101110, 0b10001000, 0b11101110, 0b10001000, 0b11101110, //F 0b11101110, 0b10001000, 0b11101110, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, //G 0b11101110, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, //H 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, //I 0b11101110, 0b01000100, 0b01000100, 0b01000100, 0b11101110, //J 0b00100010, 0b00100010, 0b00100010, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, //K 0b10001000, 0b10101010, 0b11001100, 0b11001100, 0b10101010, //L 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, 0b11101110, //M 0b10101010, 0b11101110, 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, //N 0b00000000, 0b11001100, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, //O 0b01000100, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b01000100, //P 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, 0b10001000, 0b10001000, //Q 0b01000100, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, 0b01100110, //R 0b11101110, 0b10101010, 0b11001100, 0b11101110, 0b10101010, //S 0b11101110, 0b10001000, 0b11101110, 0b00100010, 0b11101110, //T 0b11101110, 0b01000100, 0b01000100, 0b01000100, 0b01000100, //U 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, //V 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b01000100, //W 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b11101110, 0b11101110, 0b10101010, //X 0b00000000, 0b10101010, 0b01000100, 0b01000100, 0b10101010, //Y 0b10101010, 0b10101010, 0b01000100, 0b01000100, 0b01000100, //Z 0b11101110, 0b00100010, 0b01000100, 0b10001000, 0b11101110 }; //================================== //This is the sync generator. It MUST be entered from //sleep mode to get accurate timing of the sync pulses //At 8 MHz, all of the sync logic fits in the 5 uSec sync //pulse interrupt [TIM1_COMPA] void t1_cmpA(void) begin //start the Horizontal sync pulse PORTD = syncON; //count timer 0 at 1/usec TCNT0=0; //update the curent scanline number LineCount ++ ; //begin inverted (Vertical) synch after line 247 if (LineCount==248) begin syncON = 0b00100000; syncOFF = 0; end //back to regular sync after line 250 if (LineCount==251) begin syncON = 0; syncOFF = 0b00100000; end //start new frame after line 262 if (LineCount==263) begin LineCount = 1; end //end sync pulse PORTD = syncOFF; //toggle the audio bits // the two branches of the if statment // must take the same number of cycles to aviod jitter on TV if ((notecount>3) + ((int)y<<3) ; ; push r30 ; push r31 push r16 ldd r30,y+2 ;get x lsr r30 lsr r30 lsr r30 ;divide x by 8 ldd r12,y+1 ;get y lsl r12 ;mult y by 8 clr r13 lsl r12 rol r13 lsl r12 rol r13 add r12, r30 ;add in x/8 ;v2 = screen[i]; r5 ;v3 = pos[x & 7]; r6 ;v4 = c r7 ldi r30,low(_screen) ldi r31,high(_screen) add r30, r12 adc r31, r13 ld r5,Z ;get screen byte ldd r26,y+2 ;get x ldi r27,0 andi r26,0x07 ;form x & 7 ldi r30,low(_pos*2) ldi r31,high(_pos*2) add r30,r26 adc r31,r27 lpm r6,Z ld r16,y ;get c ;if (c==1) screen[i] = screen[i] | 1<<(7-(x & 0x7)); ;if (c==0) screen[i] = screen[i] & ~(1<<(7-(x & 0x7))); ;if (c==2) screen[i] = screen[i] ^ (1<<(7-(x & 0x7))); ;if (v4==1) screen[i] = v2 | v3 ; ;if (v4==0) screen[i] = v2 & ~v3; ;if (v4==2) screen[i] = v2 ^ v3 ; cpi r16,1 brne tst0 or r5,r6 tst0: cpi r16,0 brne tst2 com r6 and r5,r6 tst2: cpi r16,2 brne writescrn eor r5,r6 writescrn: ldi r30,low(_screen) ldi r31,high(_screen) add r30, r12 adc r31, r13 st Z, r5 pop r16 ; pop r31 ; pop r30 #endasm end //================================== // put a big character on the screen // c is index into bitmap void video_putchar(char x, char y, char c) begin char j ; v7 = x; for (j=0;j<7;j++) begin v1 = bitmap[c][j]; //v1 = *(bitmap<<1+j+(c<<2)+(c<<1)+c); v8 = y+j; video_pt(v7, v8, (v1 & 0x80)==0x80); video_pt(v7+1, v8, (v1 & 0x40)==0x40); video_pt(v7+2, v8, (v1 & 0x20)==0x20); video_pt(v7+3, v8, (v1 & 0x10)==0x10); video_pt(v7+4, v8, (v1 & 0x08)==0x08); end end //================================== // put a string of big characters on the screen void video_puts(char x, char y, char *str) begin char i ; for (i=0; str[i]!=0; i++) begin if (str[i]>=0x30 && str[i]<=0x39) video_putchar(x,y,str[i]-0x30); else video_putchar(x,y,str[i]-0x40+9); x = x+6; end end //================================== // put a small character on the screen // x-cood must be on divisible by 4 // c is index into bitmap void video_smallchar(char x, char y, char c) begin char mask; i=((int)x>>3) + ((int)y<<3) ; if (x == (x & 0xf8)) mask = 0x0f; //f8 else mask = 0xf0; screen[i] = (screen[i] & mask) | (smallbitmap[c][0] & ~mask); screen[i+8] = (screen[i+8] & mask) | (smallbitmap[c][1] & ~mask); screen[i+16] = (screen[i+16] & mask) | (smallbitmap[c][2] & ~mask); screen[i+24] = (screen[i+24] & mask) | (smallbitmap[c][3] & ~mask); screen[i+32] = (screen[i+32] & mask) | (smallbitmap[c][4] & ~mask); end //================================== // put a string of small characters on the screen // x-cood must be on divisible by 4 void video_putsmalls(char x, char y, char *str) begin char i ; for (i=0; str[i]!=0; i++) begin if (str[i]>=0x30 && str[i]<=0x39) video_smallchar(x,y,str[i]-0x30); else video_smallchar(x,y,str[i]-0x40+12); x = x+4; end end //================================== //plot a line //at x1,y1 to x2,y2 with color 1=white 0=black 2=invert //NOTE: this function requires signed chars //Code is from David Rodgers, //"Procedural Elements of Computer Graphics",1985 void video_line(char x1, char y1, char x2, char y2, char c) begin int e; signed char dx,dy,j, temp; signed char s1,s2, xchange; signed char x,y; x = x1; y = y1; dx = cabs(x2-x1); dy = cabs(y2-y1); s1 = csign(x2-x1); s2 = csign(y2-y1); xchange = 0; if (dy>dx) begin temp = dx; dx = dy; dy = temp; xchange = 1; end e = ((int)dy<<1) - dx; for (j=0; j<=dx; j++) begin video_pt(x,y,c) ; if (e>=0) begin if (xchange==1) x = x + s1; else y = y + s2; e = e - ((int)dx<<1); end if (xchange==1) y = y + s2; else x = x + s1; e = e + ((int)dy<<1); end end //================================== //return the value of one point //at x,y with color 1=white 0=black 2=invert char video_set(char x, char y) begin //The following construction //detects exactly one bit at the x,y location i=((int)x>>3) + ((int)y<<3) ; return ( screen[i] & 1<<(7-(x & 0x7))); end //================================== // set up the ports and timers void main(void) begin //init timer 1 to generate sync OCR1A = lineTime; //One NTSC line TCCR1B = 9; //full speed; clear-on-match TCCR1A = 0x00; //turn off pwm and oc lines TIMSK = 0x10; //enable interrupt T1 cmp //init ports DDRD = 0xf0; //video out and switches //D.5 is sync:1000 ohm + diode to 75 ohm resistor //D.6 is video:330 ohm + diode to 75 ohm resistor //init timer 0 to 1/uSec TCCR0 = 2; //initialize synch constants LineCount = 1; syncON = 0b00000000; syncOFF = 0b00100000; //Print "CORNELL" video_puts(13,3,cu1); //Print "ECE476" video_puts(13,91,cu2); //side lines video_line(0,0,0,99,1); video_line(63,0,63,99,1); //top line & bottom lines video_line(0,0,63,0,1); video_line(0,99,63,99,1); video_line(0,11,63,11,1); video_line(0,89,63,89,1); //init the tones srand(1); note = 3; halfnote = note>>1; //init software timer t=0; time=0; //enable sleep mode MCUCR = 0b01000000; #asm ("sei"); //The following loop executes once/video line during lines //1-230, then does all of the frame-end processing while(1) begin //stall here until next line starts //sleep enable; mode=idle //use sleep to make entry into sync ISR uniform time #asm ("sleep"); //Put code here to execute once/line //During the active portion of a line; //--Usable lines 1 to about 240 if (LineCount=ScreenTop) begin //precompute pixel index for next line //left-shift 3 would be individual lines // <<2 means line-double the pixels //The 0xfff8 truncates the odd line bit //i=(LineCount-ScreenTop)<<2 & 0xfff8; // #asm lds r12, _LineCount lds r13, _Linecount+1 ldi r16, 30 sub r12, r16 ldi r16,0 sbc r13, r16 lsl r12 rol r13 lsl r12 rol r13 mov r16,r12 andi r16,0xf8 mov r12,r16 #endasm //load the pixels into registers //set up the computation, then use asm to speed it up //v1 = screen[i]; //v2 = screen[++i]; //v3 = screen[++i]; //v4 = screen[++i]; //v5 = screen[++i]; //v6 = screen[++i]; //v7 = screen[++i]; //v8 = screen[++i]; #asm push r26 push r27 ldi r26,low(_screen) ;base address of screen ldi r27,high(_screen) add r26,r12 ;offset into screen (add i) adc r27,r13 ld r4,x ;load v1 adiw r26,1 ;inc offset to next screen byte ld r5,x adiw r26,1 ld r6,x adiw r26,1 ld r7,x adiw r26,1 ld r8,x adiw r26,1 ld r9,x adiw r26,1 ld r10,x adiw r26,1 ld r11,x pop r26 pop r27 #endasm //now blast them out to the screen PORTD.6=v1 & 0b10000000; PORTD.6=v1 & 0b01000000; PORTD.6=v1 & 0b00100000; PORTD.6=v1 & 0b00010000; PORTD.6=v1 & 0b00001000; PORTD.6=v1 & 0b00000100; PORTD.6=v1 & 0b00000010; PORTD.6=v1 & 0b00000001; PORTD.6=v2 & 0b10000000; PORTD.6=v2 & 0b01000000; PORTD.6=v2 & 0b00100000; PORTD.6=v2 & 0b00010000; PORTD.6=v2 & 0b00001000; PORTD.6=v2 & 0b00000100; PORTD.6=v2 & 0b00000010; PORTD.6=v2 & 0b00000001; PORTD.6=v3 & 0b10000000; PORTD.6=v3 & 0b01000000; PORTD.6=v3 & 0b00100000; PORTD.6=v3 & 0b00010000; PORTD.6=v3 & 0b00001000; PORTD.6=v3 & 0b00000100; PORTD.6=v3 & 0b00000010; PORTD.6=v3 & 0b00000001; PORTD.6=v4 & 0b10000000; PORTD.6=v4 & 0b01000000; PORTD.6=v4 & 0b00100000; PORTD.6=v4 & 0b00010000; PORTD.6=v4 & 0b00001000; PORTD.6=v4 & 0b00000100; PORTD.6=v4 & 0b00000010; PORTD.6=v4 & 0b00000001; PORTD.6=v5 & 0b10000000; PORTD.6=v5 & 0b01000000; PORTD.6=v5 & 0b00100000; PORTD.6=v5 & 0b00010000; PORTD.6=v5 & 0b00001000; PORTD.6=v5 & 0b00000100; PORTD.6=v5 & 0b00000010; PORTD.6=v5 & 0b00000001; PORTD.6=v6 & 0b10000000; PORTD.6=v6 & 0b01000000; PORTD.6=v6 & 0b00100000; PORTD.6=v6 & 0b00010000; PORTD.6=v6 & 0b00001000; PORTD.6=v6 & 0b00000100; PORTD.6=v6 & 0b00000010; PORTD.6=v6 & 0b00000001; PORTD.6=v7 & 0b10000000; PORTD.6=v7 & 0b01000000; PORTD.6=v7 & 0b00100000; PORTD.6=v7 & 0b00010000; PORTD.6=v7 & 0b00001000; PORTD.6=v7 & 0b00000100; PORTD.6=v7 & 0b00000010; PORTD.6=v7 & 0b00000001; PORTD.6=v8 & 0b10000000; PORTD.6=v8 & 0b01000000; PORTD.6=v8 & 0b00100000; PORTD.6=v8 & 0b00010000; PORTD.6=v8 & 0b00001000; PORTD.6=v8 & 0b00000100; PORTD.6=v8 & 0b00000010; PORTD.6=v8 & 0b00000001; //end the line, but make the last pixel the same width #asm nop nop #endasm PORTD.6=0 ; end //The following code executes during the vertical blanking //Code here can be as long as 63 uSec/line //For a total of 30 lines x 63.5 uSec/line x 8 cycles/uSec if (LineCount==231) begin //video_line(10,20,60,20,1); //video_line(10,23,60,23,1); //video_line(10,26,60,26,1); //video_line(10,29,60,29,1); //video_line(10,39,60,39,1); //video_puts(10,50,cu1); video_line(4,0,32,99,1); video_line(60,0,32,99,1); /* //make the note scale //tnote is the duration of each note in 1/60 second units if (tnote++ == 15) begin tnote = 0; //update tone //inote is index into notes if (inote++==15) inote=0; note = notes[inote]; halfnote = note>>1; end */ end //line 231 end //while end //main